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This is the first systematic presentation in English of information gathered on the terrestrial mammals (including bats) of Israel. The Introduction briefly describes the physical and biological characteristics of the study area; the zoogeography and ecology of the mammals of Israel and the impact of humans on their conservation, distribution, and populations; and the history of mammal research in Israel. The account of each species presents details regarding its distribution, fossil record (when available), karyotype, ecology, diet, behaviour, reproduction, parasites and relations with humans, accompanied by a distribution map, skull photos, and tables of the body and skull characters of specimens deposited in Israeli museums. The documentation is complemented by a rich selection of colour photographs.